Forest ecosystems provide a diverse selection of ecosystem services (FES), including carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, water regulation, and recreational opportunities. However, these services are increasingly threatened by climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable management practices. A clear understanding of societal demand for FES is essential for designing effective policies and management strategies that ensure their sustainable provision.
This study presents a literature-based review of the current state of knowledge on FES in Europe, drawing on empirical research and case studies published from 1980 to the present. The review synthesizes how different FES are valued across bioclimatic regions and stakeholder groups, examining spatial and temporal dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the FES concept within environmental governance, and to the integration of demand-side perspectives in forest policy frameworks. By mapping the scale of research findings and identifying existing knowledge gaps, this work lays the groundwork for future empirical studies and contributes to ongoing policy discussions at EU level.